Diameter Copper Rod Is Reduced to a 387 Diameter Then Reduced Again to
Polymers (Basel). 2018 Sep; 10(nine): 959.
Training of Polypropylene Micro and Nanofibers by Electrostatic-Assisted Melt Blown and Their Application
Yi Pu,one, † Jie Zheng,one, * † Fuxing Chen,one Yunze Long,2 Han Wu,ane Qiusheng Li,ane Shuxin Yu,2 Xiaoxiong Wang,2 and Xin Ning1, *
Received 2018 Jul xx; Accepted 2018 Aug 23.
Abstract
In this newspaper, a novel electrostatic-assisted melt diddled procedure was reported to produce polypropylene (PP) microfibers with a diameter equally fine every bit 600 nm. The morphology, spider web structure, pore size distribution, filtration efficiency, and the stress and strain behavior of the PP nonwoven fabric thus prepared were characterized. By introducing an electrostatic field into the conventional melt-blown apparatus, the average diameter of the cook-diddled fibers was reduced from ane.69 to 0.96 μm with the experimental setup, and the distribution of fiber diameters was narrower, which resulted in a filter medium with smaller average pore size and improved filtration efficiency. The polymer microfibers prepared past this electrostatic-assisted melt blown method may exist adapted in a continuous cook diddled process for the production of filtration media used in air filters, dust masks, and and then on.
Keywords: electrostatic-assisted melt blown, microfibers, filtration efficiency
1. Introduction
Nonwoven fabrics are a wide range of gristly materials formed through direct cobweb web formation rather than through yarn spinning and weaving. The cobweb web is then bonded together by physical entanglement, thermal-, or chemical-bonding technologies [1]. Melt blown (MB) is one of the commercial nonwoven technologies whereby fine fibers (one–8 microns typically) are obtained in a unmarried procedure of polymer fiber spinning, air quenching/drawing, and web formation [2]. During melt blown process, the polymer is fed into an extruder, where the polymer is melted and pushed frontwards past the extruder through the filter and ultimately reaches the spinning head. At the spinning caput, the melt is fatigued into filaments past loftier-speed hot air and forms nonwovens on the webformer [iii,4]. Melt-blown nonwovens typically take fiber diameters ranging from 1 to ten μm and the average diameter is generally 1–2 μm [4]. Melt blown has loftier product efficiency compared with other fine-cobweb forming techniques. It can be several orders of magnitude higher in productivity than electrospinning, for example. Cook-diddled fabric is known for its high surface area per unit of measurement weight and high barrier properties [4,5,6]. To improve the filtration efficiency, information technology is always desirable to further reduce cobweb diameters, but at that place is a technology limit on the air speed and air book which tin can be applied to the process, equally the energy and equipment pattern requirements go economically unfeasible [5,7,8].
In the commercial interest of ultra-fine melt-blown nonwovens, many techniques take been attempted to make finer fibers. In 2009, a group used ultrasonic waves in melt blown, and the diameter of the prepared PET/PA6 bicomponent melt-blown webs was reduced from 3.62 to ii.11 μm [7]. In 2013, new die configurations and process conditions were explored to reduce the cobweb size to the range of 300–500 nm [9]. In add-on, some new technical methods have been developed in contempo years to amend the performance and application value of melt-diddled fibers [10,11,12,13,xiv]. In this paper, we explored the thought of adding a static electric field to the melt blown process. In doing this, we reference electrospinning, which is a unproblematic method of producing nanofibers under electrostatic forcefulness. Information technology has largely been confined to the use of solution electrospinning as polymer melt-electrospinning is hindered past the very high polymer viscosity in the melt [15,xvi]. If we could combine the benefits of the two techniques in a way so that their shortcomings are mitigated, then we may be able to attain a fibrous web with finer fiber diameters at a high product rate.
There have been some similar studies in this surface area. The idea of combining melt blowing and electrospinning was first proposed by Moosmayer et al. [17] in 1990. The concept was later incorporated in a technique termed "electroblowing", by which a charged polymer cook is extruded through a spinneret to form nanofibers under the dual action of a high-velocity hot air stream and electric field [xviii]. The process extrudes electrically charged polymeric fluid through a spinneret, which is coupled to an air stream forwarding in the same management as the extruding spinline. Together, both air stream and the electrostatic forces act on the spinline and fine fibers are obtained [xix]. In 2009, a multihead melt-blowing electrospinning car was developed past Watanabe et al. [20] The machine can use air blowing force and electrostatic forcefulness synergistically to set nanofibers. They successfully prepared nonwoven isotactic polypropylene fibers by this machine. In 2013, polypropylene fiber was prepared by a needleless cook-electrospinning device for marine oil-spill cleanup [sixteen]. In 2017, Chen et al. [5] prepared nanofibers using cook electroblowing spinning, and the effects of air velocity and air temperature on fiber diameter were studied in detail. In 2017, Meng et al. [6] conducted a numerical simulation of the electrostatic field of electrospinning and the air flow field of melt bravado and discussed the combination of electrostatic forcefulness and air blowing force. They concluded that the combination of static electric forcefulness and air drawing force may be a adept solution to produce nanofibers from a high-viscosity melt. The current literature more often than not takes electrospinning every bit the starting signal and the primary commuter for obtaining fine fibers. In doing and then, the commercial prospect of those techniques has never been truly verified, as the productivity has ever been very low.
In recent years, with more than and more attention paid to the living environment and human health, air filtration technology and products accept been a major application area of technical textiles [21]. For a conventional filter material, particles are captured past sieving, inertial touch, and diffusion [22], depending on the size of the particles being removed. The probability of particle deposition on microfibers is greatly enhanced at smaller fiber diameters and higher surface areas [23,24]. Furthermore, the smaller particles tend to be trapped through the improvidence mechanism, and they have a greater chance of existence adsorbed onto the charged surfaces of fibers [25].
The near usually used method for improving the filtration efficiency of given fibrous structures is the static electret discharge process, by which light and small particles will be attracted toward the corona-charged fibers [26,27,28]. Dissimilar from the lower voltage, low activeness distance, and short operating fourth dimension in the belch process of static electret, the electric current electrostatic-assisted melt-blown process explores a larger voltage and longer activeness altitude and operating fourth dimension. Furthermore, the discharge process of static electret works but on solidified nonwoven fibers, while the electrostatic field of the present method works on both the melt and the solidified fibers, which provides an boosted stretching for the charged fibers during the process of cobweb attenuation. The filtration efficiency of nonwoven filter media obtained by electrostatic-assisted cook blown was shown in the nowadays study to be much improved under the combined deportment of the above two aspects.
In this study, the common melt-blown nonwoven system/equipment was modified, and an electrostatic field was directly applied adjacent to the cook-blown caput to achieve a combination of cook blown and electric field effect, namely electrostatic-assisted melt diddled. It is dissimilar from electroblowing in the electrospinning literature in which the melt stream is straight connected to an electrode for charged melt streams. Electrostatic-assisted melt blown is based on a commercial procedure without altering or charging the melt stream before spinning, therefore preserving the productivity attributes of a regular MB. The external charging device is to impose an electric field effect on the extruded melt stream subsequently it is airborne. Polypropylene microfibers prepared in this way showed smaller cobweb diameter and more concentrated size distribution. The upshot of electrical field intensity on cobweb fineness and functioning differences between electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabrics and conventional melt-blown fabrics regarding fabric strength, pore size distribution, and filtration efficiency were studied in item.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Polypropylene (PP) was supplied from Shandong Dawn Polymer Cloth Co., Ltd. (Yantai, Mainland china). The product code is Z-1500, the melt flow rate (MFR) is 1500 ± 100 (tested nether the GB/T 3682-2000 standard [29]), the nominal molecular weight is around 80,000, the ash content is ≤200 PPM (tested under the GB/T 9345.1-2008 standard [30]), and the moisture content is ≤0.two%.
2.2. Electrostatic-Assisted Melt-Blown Setup
The schematic illustration of the electrostatic-assisted melt-blown organization setup and the details around the spinning head are shown in Figure one. The melt-blown equipment (SH-RBJ) was produced by Shanghai Sunhoo Automation Equipment Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Information technology has a hopper which feeds the raw cloth into the machine, a heated extruder with a rotating screw inside which pushes material forwards, a filter which removes impurities from the melt, and a spinning head. The air blower (TF-65) was produced by Kunshan Ta-Fan Blower Co., Ltd. (Kunshan, Mainland china). The high velocity air is generated past the blower, heated past the air heater, and and then exits from narrow air gaps of the spinning head. The spinning head has a rectangular shape of most xxx cm in length and is made of steel. It is too heated past a pair of heating rods. There are more than than 500 orifices distributed in the middle of the spinning caput, and the melt exits the spinning caput through the orifices and is drawn into filaments at the orifices by hot air from the air passage. Placed adjacent to the spinning head is a grounded copper frame through which the polymer fiber melts are blown. The collecting mesh is connected to a negative loftier-voltage DC power source (DW-N503-1ACDF, Dongwen, Tianjin, People's republic of china) to supply a high-voltage electrostatic field between the frame and the mesh. Here, the high-voltage electrostatic field is applied between the copper frame positioned 2 cm away from the MB head and the collecting mesh, where the electric field intensity is simply treated as a rectangular compatible electric field. The altitude between the copper frame and collecting mesh can be adjusted. Polypropylene pellets were fed into the hopper and melted in the extruder. The molten polymer was then extruded out of the spinning head and drawn by the high-velocity hot air. Simultaneously, the electrostatic field between the frame and the mesh helped attenuate fiber bore to form microfibers. Finally, the fabric was formed on the collecting mesh. A continuous process setup has besides been designed and will be discussed in a later advice.
The schematic illustration of the electrostatic-assisted melt-blown organisation setup (a) and the details around the spinning head (b,c).
ii.3. Grooming of PP Nonwoven Fabrics
Polypropylene was heated to 265 °C in the extruder and pushed through with a pump rate of ten thou·min−1. The temperature of the hot air was 255 °C, and the menses rate of air was 1.vii thou3·min−ane (meet in Supplementary Material). The velocity of the air at the exit of nozzle was calculated to exist a few thousand meters per minutes, much lower than the sonic speed. When the collecting distance (20 cm) between the copper frame and the collecting mesh was fixed, the voltage (0, x, twenty, 30, and 40 kV) of the DC power was varied to explore the effect of electric field intensity on fiber diameter. When the DC voltage (40 kV) was stock-still, the collecting altitude (10, 15, and 20 cm) was varied by moving the position of the copper frame to examine the event of the electric field altitude on fiber diameter. The sample was non collected until the machine had run for 0.5 h to produce stable cloth. To ensure consistent fabric thickness, each sample was collected for a continuous production fourth dimension of xxx s. In add-on, the yield of the fabric in this work was 10 g·min−1 in the experiment. It was not affected by application of the electric field and was affected only by the extrusion rate of cook blown.
two.four. Characterization
The morphology and the structure of the PP nonwoven fabric were characterized past a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Tokyo, Japan). All samples were plated with a thin layer of platinum before SEM imaging to ensure high electrical conductivity. An image processing software (Nano Measurer version one.ii, Shanghai, Communist china) was used to measure the diameter of the fibers. Four sets of positions were randomly selected for each set of samples and more than 100 fibers were counted to obtain the fiber diameter distribution and the mean of the fiber bore.
The stress-strain bend of the fabric was measured by the Instron Universal Testing System (Instron 5300 Floor Model Universal Testing System, Norwood, MA, USA). The material samples were cut into strips of five cm in length and ane cm in width. Each grouping included 10 strips and their thicknesses were measured by a fabric thickness meter (YG141A material thickness meter, Wenzhou, China). The stretching speed was set up to 10 mm/min, and the clamping distance was set to 20 mm.
The filtration efficiency refers to the ratio of the dust of a certain bore that is filtered out to the concentration of the dust in the aerosol before being filtered when the droplets passed through the filter cloth. It was tested by a filter media exam system (Topas AFC 131, Dresden, Germany). The probe in the organization tin separately measure the concentration of dust in the aerosol before and after filtration, hence the filtration efficiency was able to be calculated. Di-ethyl-hexyl-sebacat (DEHS) was used as the test droplets. The concentration of the aerosol was 1.0 mg·g−three and the flowrate of air was gear up to 10.0 m3·h−1. The pore size distribution was measured by a pore size meter (Topas PSM 165, Dresden, Germany). The wetting fluid was Topor (perfluoro compound, Topas specific testing fluid, surface tension 16 mN·one thousand−i). The testing cross-sectional area was 0.95 cm2. The flow rate range of the compressed air was from 0.06 to 70.00 L·min−1, and the maximum pressure level was 1000.00 mbar. Each group was measured five times, and the filtration efficiency and the pore size distribution were recorded and averaged from v measurements. The filtration efficiency bend and the pore size distribution diagram were drawn from the above data.
In addition, the air permeability of the material was measured by an air permeability tester (Textest FX 3300-IV, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland). The testing pressure was set to 200 Pa, and the measured area was twenty cmii. The air permeability of each group was tested based on 10 sets of data, and the mean of the data was taken.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology and Structure
The samples produced under different weather condition were observed past SEM, and a serial of images of fabric morphology were obtained. Then, an prototype processing software (Nano Measurer version 1.2, Shanghai, China) was used to measure the fiber diameter.
SEM graphs of the PP microfiber prepared under unlike voltages are shown in Figure iia–due east, and the fiber diameter assay of these fabrics is shown in Figure 3a. As shown in these figures, nether a fixed electric field altitude of twenty cm, every bit the voltage increased from 0 to 40 kV, the mean of the fiber diameter was reduced from one.69 to 1.02 μm, and the uniformity of the bore was improved. SEM graphs of the PP microfiber prepared under unlike electric field altitude are shown in Effigy twoeast–g, and the bore assay of these fabrics is shown in Figure threeb. The voltage of the DC power was set up to twoscore kV, and the electrical distance was decreased from xx to ten cm. As is shown in these figures, with the subtract of electric altitude, the mean of the fiber diameter decreased from 1.02 to 0.96 μm. Meanwhile, the fiber diameters became more uniform.
SEM graphs of the polypropylene (PP) microfiber prepared nether different voltages or electric field distances by electrostatic-assisted melt diddled. (a) to (e) show PP microfiber prepared in voltage of 0 kV (a), 10 kV (b), 20 kV (c), 30 kV (d) and xl kV (eastward); (e) to (g) show PP microfiber prepared in electrical field distance of 20 cm (e), xv cm (f) and ten cm (grand).
Fiber diameter of textile prepared nether different voltages (a), collecting distances (b), and electric field forcefulness'due south influence on average diameter (c). The mistake bars in (a,b) correspond the standard deviation of fiber diameter for each group of samples.
As the voltage increased, the electric field distance decreased, which led to an increment in the electrical field force. The relationship between electric field strength and mean of cobweb diameter is shown in Effigy 3c. The blue line represents that electric field forcefulness was varied by adjusting voltage, and the red line shows that it was changed by adjusting the electric field distance. With the enhancement of the electric field strength, the hateful of the fiber diameter decreased. Every bit is shown in the data, increased electric field forcefulness leads to effectively fibers and narrower diameter distribution. The influence of the distance betwixt the copper frame and the collecting mesh on the fiber diameter is smaller than that of the voltage on the fiber bore. Since the distance is reduced past moving the copper frame away from the spinning caput, nearly of the melt away from the spinning head has cooled into filament, and the drafting effect of the electric field is weakened at that place. However, the drawing effect still has an increasing trend due to the increase of the electric field forcefulness.
The introduction of the electrostatic field, especially the enhancement of electric field intensity, can effectively reduce the fiber diameter. Some theoretical work has been reported to support this conclusion [31,32,33,34,35]. In Equation (one) [31], rt denotes the fiber diameter afterwards a series of unstable motions in the electric field, which was influenced by surface tension γ, flow rate ε, electric current I, dielectric constant ε, and unstable dimensionless wavelength ϕ. The formula is widely regarded equally the limiting diameter model for the stretching of a viscous charged fluid in an electrical field. Some studies [32,33,34] take given the experimental proofs for the decision that the increase of voltage can finer reduce the diameter of the fiber in cook electrospinning. Wang et al. [35] also talked about the relationship between fiber diameter and uniformity and practical voltage. In this work, the flow rate ε is the melt extrusion charge per unit through the MB spinning head, and the current I is mainly produced by the polarization accuse in the electrostatic field. In this instance, the larger the voltage, the greater the electric current, which further creates a finer fiber diameter. As we tin can come across from Figure threea,c, the fiber diameter was manifestly reduced from i.69 to 1.02 μm with the increase of voltage on a fixed spinning caput to copper frame distances at 20 cm. Nevertheless, the cobweb diameter was reduced but slightly, from ane.02 to 0.96 μm, when the voltage was fixed at 40 KV and the distance was reduced from 20 to 10 cm. In this situation, the electric field strength was doubly increased, but the fiber diameter was not manifestly reduced, every bit shown by the scarlet line in Figure threec. However, we are still convinced that the increment of electric field forcefulness tin can effectively reduce the bore of the fiber, and the all-time way to increase the electric field force is past increasing the voltage instead of reducing the spinning distance. Hither, the thicker fiber bore was perhaps caused by the reduction of the spinning distance, thus leaving insufficient space for the further stretching of the jet to form thinner fibers.
(one)
Finally, samples with the smallest bore and the best uniformity were chosen as a follow-up experiment group. The voltage of this group was 40 kV and the electric field distance was 10 cm. Conventional melt-blown fabric was selected every bit the command group. The diameter assay of the two groups is shown in Figure 4, and the blue curves represent the general tendency of fiber diameter alter. According to Figure 4, the electrostatic-assisted cook-blown fabric has more than fine fibers, especially at 0.vi–0.9 μm, and the cobweb diameter distribution of electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric is concentrated at 0–4 μm, which leads to a decrease in hateful diameter. Past introducing the electric field to the melt-blown process, the mean diameter of the cloth is decreased from one.69 to 0.96 μm, which is almost a twoscore% reduction in cobweb diameter.
Fiber bore distributions of PP nonwoven fabric prepared by conventional melt bravado (a) and electrostatic-assisted melt blown (b). Insets are the diameter distributions of each group in the 0–three μm range.
3.two. Stress and Strain
Stress-strain curves of the experimental grouping and the command grouping are shown in Figure v. Information technology can exist drawn from the figure that the maximum forcefulness of electrostatic-assisted cook-blown fabrics is virtually 40% lower than that of conventional melt-blown fabrics, and it decreases from 0.xviii to 0.eleven MPa. The Immature'south modulus of each group was measured to be 1.77 MPa for 0 kV/cm, 1.72 MPa for 1 kV/cm, and 0.80 MPa for 4 kV/cm. This is due to the decrease of the cobweb bore. Tensile backdrop of nonwovens are related to their structure. The structure of nonwoven fabric is an irregular net structure, the orientation of the fibers varies, and fibers are bonded together by bonding points. When the nonwoven cloth is stretched, the stress of the fabric is related to the stress of the cobweb and the strength of the bonding points [2,36]. The strength of the fabrics becomes weaker as the melt-blown fibers become finer due to the reduction of effective bonding between the fibers. This observed phenomenon may be explained by the higher degree of cooling on the effectively fibers when they make contact with each other, which results in reduced bonding effectiveness among the fibers, forming a fabric of weaker strength [2,37].
Stress-strain curve of electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric and conventional cook-blown fabric.
3.3. Pore Size Distribution and Air Permeability
The pore size distribution and air permeability of conventional cook-diddled fabric and electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric are shown in Figure 6. The graph shows that electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric has an average pore size of 29.285 μm and conventional melt-blown textile has an average pore size of 33.415 μm. The mean pore size of electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric is slightly smaller than that of melt-blown fabric, and the pore size distribution of electrostatic-assisted cook-blown fabric is more full-bodied than that of melt-blown fabric. The electrostatic-assisted melt-diddled fabric has a effectively fiber diameter due to the auxiliary draft of the electrostatic force. The distribution of fibers inside the unit area becomes denser and the fibers become more than intertwined. So, the mean pore size of the fabric becomes smaller and the distribution of the cobweb diameter becomes symmetrical, which as well makes the distribution of the pore size more than concentrated. Denser fibers, more intertwined fibers, and smaller pore size lead to lower air permeability [38].
Pore size distribution and air permeability of conventional melt-diddled cloth (a) and electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric (b).
iii.4. Filtration Efficiency
The filtration efficiency of the two groups is shown in the Figure 7. It tin can be seen from the effigy that the filtration efficiency of the electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric is better than that of the cook-diddled fabric. The filtration efficiencies of three particle sizes are listed in Table ane to prove that electrostatic-assisted melt-diddled fabric has meliorate filtration efficiency than ordinary cook-blown fabric. The main factors affecting fabric filtration efficiency are pore size and fiber diameter. As the fiber bore decreases, the pore size becomes smaller and the distribution of fibers per unit area is denser. When the aerosol flows, the dispersion of air flow is enhanced by the fabric, giving the particles in the droplets more hazard to attach to the fabric [39]. Meantime, electrostatic-assisted cook diddled causes a small amount of charge in the fabric, which enhances the adsorption chapters of the fabric. This allows the material to improve filtration efficiency [40].
Filtration efficiency of melt-blown fabric and electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabric.
Tabular array 1
Filtration efficiencies of different particle sizes.
| Particle Size | 0.3 μm | 1 μm | 2.v μm |
|---|---|---|---|
| Melt-blown | 40.651% | 73.986% | 95.353% |
| Electrostatic-assisted Cook-blown | 50.826% | 86.442% | 98.969% |
4. Conclusions
In summary, an electrostatic field was applied directly to the melt-blown spinning head to achieve a combination of cook blown and electrical field effects. This arroyo is more productive than the electrospinning process. In this way, we produced polypropylene microfibers about forty% effectively than conventional melt-diddled fiber, with an average bore of 0.96 and a narrower fiber size distribution. The strength, pore size distribution, and filtration efficiency of conventional melt-blown fabrics and electrostatic-assisted melt-blown fabrics were tested. The results evidence that electrostatic-assisted cook-diddled microfibers have better filtration efficiency, which may be used in air filtration.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a startup fund (2016) of the Qingdao Academy.
Supplementary Materials
The post-obit are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/x/9/959/s1. Figure S1. SEM graphs of the PP fiber prepared by melt blown nether different melt temperatures: 220 °C (a), 240 °C (b), 260 °C (c), 280 °C (d), and 300 °C (east). The fiber diameter analysis of these fabrics is shown in (f). Figure S2. SEM graphs of the PP fiber prepared by melt blown nether unlike air temperatures: 220 °C (a), 240 °C (b), 260 °C (c), 280 °C (d), and 300 °C (e). The fiber diameter analysis of these fabrics is shown in (f). Figure S3. SEM graphs of the PP fiber prepared by melt blown under dissimilar extruder screw rotating speeds: two Hz (120 rpm) (a), 3 Hz (180 rpm) (b), iv Hz (240 rpm) (c), and 5 Hz (300 rpm) (d). The fiber bore analysis of these fabrics is shown in (e). Figure S4. SEM graphs of the PP fiber prepared by cook blown nether different blower speeds: fifteen Hz (90 rpm) (a), xx Hz (1200 rpm) (b), 25 Hz (1500 rpm) (c), xxx Hz (1800 rpm) (d), and 35 Hz (2100 rpm) (e). The fiber diameter analysis of these fabrics is shown in (f). Figure S5. SEM graphs of the PP cobweb prepared past melt blown under different dice-to-collector distances (DCDs): 20 cm (a), 25 cm (b), 30 cm (c), 35 cm (d), and twoscore cm (due east). The fiber diameter analysis of these fabrics is shown in (f).
Author Contributions
Initial conceptualization, J.Z. and Y.50.; Data curation, Y.P.; Formal analysis, Y.P., J.Z. and X.N.; Funding acquisition, J.Z. and X.N.; Methodology, Y.P., J.Z. and X.Due north.; Projection administration, X.N.; Resources, 10.N.; Validation, Y.P., J.Z., H.W., Q.L., and S.Y.; Writing—original draft, Y.P.; Writing—review & editing, Y.P., J.Z., F.C., Y.L., X.West., and X.N.
Funding
This research was partly funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 51673103, National Natural Science Foundation of People's republic of china grant number 11747170, Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province grant number ZR2018BB043, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Qingdao grant number 2016014, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Qingdao grant number 2017012.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no disharmonize of interest.
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Articles from Polymers are provided hither courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6403903/
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